學術研究 • ACADEMIC RESEARCH 56 澳大新語 • 2024 UMAGAZINE 30 推動經濟一體化 無論是獨立開展還是結合「一帶一路」倡議，中國的夥 伴關係均為量身定制的合作模式，有助推動各個葡語國 家本身的發展計劃。此外，這些夥伴關係也是一種經濟 一體化的機制，有助強化這些國家在區域上的角色。國 際關係向來都不是靜止不動，任何雙邊關係（包括夥伴 關係）都會不斷演變。由此可見，夥伴關係是中國與葡 語國家之間重要的外交工具。在葡萄牙、巴西、東帝汶 與中國的雙邊關係不斷發展之際，2024年舉行的中非 合作論壇北京峰會標誌著引領全球南方現代化的新開 始。事實上，2024年中非合作論壇北京峰會加強了中 國的夥伴關係作為政治和外交工具的價值。這些夥伴關 係旨在達致互利共贏和基於共識的務實合作框架。中國 的戰略方向是最終與每個國家和地區建立命運共同體， 這點尤其值得注意。 夥伴關係日益緊密 中國與他國的夥伴關係中，未被歸類為「戰略性」 的不足一成。描述中國與其它國家的合作和雙邊關 係時，「全面」、「合作」、「全天候」、「全方 位」和「友好」等用詞能反映它們的範圍。中國與 葡語國家一直通過夥伴關係穩步促進聯繫。表一詳 列有關中國與九個葡語國家建立和推進夥伴關係， 以及融入相應區域經濟組織的情況。 目前，中國已與全數九個葡語國家建立了戰略層面 的夥伴關係，其重要性不言而喻。過去兩年（2023 年和2024年），中國與大多數葡語國家的夥伴關 係顯著加強，尤其是與東帝汶和非洲葡語國家的關 係更趨緊密。這一進展推動了雙邊合作和區域一體 化，特別體現在新市場和生產中心的准入方面。 China is building a global network of partnerships as instruments to advance institutional and multilateral cooperation. As President Xi Jinping emphasised during his 2023 New Year address, ‘today’s China is a country closely linked with the world’. Since the establishment of its first strategic partnership with Brazil in 1993, China has not only engaged in more bilateral commitments, but has also strengthened existing ones into more comprehensive forms of cooperation. Flexible and Consensus-Driven Partnerships Chinese partnerships are in significant ways distinct from classical, conventional alliances, as China’s approach to foreign relations is heavily influenced by traditional Chinese culture and the landmark notion of non-alignment, with relationality as a guiding principle. Whereas classical alliances that once prevailed in international relations tend to be driven by military and/or hostile intents and necessitate some level of ideological and/or political alignment among the multiple states involved, China builds bilateral partnerships that are premised on equality, mutual respect (especially on the importance of political independence), mutual benefits and harmonious development; non-antagonistic and characterised by non-alignment; and consensus-driven. Max Weber defined consensus as ‘something that exists when our expectations regarding the behaviour of others are realistic’, and it is through consensus that partnerships turn such expectations into reality. Chinese partnerships serve as ad hoc, dynamic, consensual and non-legally binding political-diplomatic instruments designed to set a flexible, bilateral and pragmatic cooperation framework. Their aim is to advance stable sovereign interests and generate a reasonable level of mutual benefits, economic security and peaceful development. Indeed, they are political cooperative frameworks and models of tailor-made cooperation that can translate different forms of consensus into ‘a wide vision for change’ and achieve ‘common points […] through understanding and negotiations’. They can be as elastic, adaptable and dynamic as the two sides wish them to be, especially in comparison with traditional, conventional alliances. For example, the number of projects within a partnership can increase or decrease; the overall scope, nature, and terms of cooperation can be modified; and the implementation process can accelerate, decelerate or even be paused to better cater to the individual parties’ national interests and/or domestic policies and priorities. Such flexibility allows Chinese partnerships to accommodate and facilitate a variety of constituent programmes, providing a versatile basis for the two parties to continue to achieve substantive cooperation. Such flexibility also means that no partnerships exactly replicate others, as each is unique to the specific implementors. For China, these partnerships provide a stable, balanced platform for expanding and coordinating
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