學術研究•ACADEMIC RESEARCH 澳大新語•2020 UMAGAZINE 22 63 According to the Macao Penal Code, doctors or legally authorised persons who perform interventions or treatments intended to prevent, diagnose, remedy or alleviate disease, suffering, injury, fatigue, or mental disorder, without patient consent, may be punished with imprisonment up to three years or a fine (article 144 and article 150/14). The mentioned ‘patient consent’ is only effective when the patient has been adequately clarified about the diagnosis, and the nature, scope, extent, and possible consequences of intervention or treatment, unless it implies a communication of circumstances which, if known by the patient, would endanger his/her life or would be likely to cause serious harm to his/her physical or mental health5 (article 151). This is the reason why informed consent has been known as a concept which requires two components, comprehension and free consent, where the first one includes provisions of information and understanding6. As stated in article 150, doctors or legally authorised persons should be held criminally responsible even though there is no harm caused to their patients. For this reason, it must be clarified that the protected legal interest is not physical integrity, but human dignity, contrary to what occurs in article 144. The term ‘doctors or legally authorised persons’ mentioned above alludes to the persons who have technical qualifications and legal authorisation, where the first one requires an adequate preparation to perform medical acts (such as courses, practices, etc.) while the second one requires accreditation for the exercise of medical acts (such as registration in a professional organisation)7. In Macao, the entity that issues legal authorisation for the exercise of medical acts is the Macao Health Bureau. Given the existing difference between medicine programmes in many countries and regions, a committee of the Macao Health Bureau is responsible for analysing whether the courses can be considered adequate for legal authorisation, namely whether the courses comply with the pre‑defined criteria of accreditation8. On the other hand, it should be clear that article 150 should not be applied in a situation where a person, who is not a doctor or legally authorised person, practices medical activities without the patient’s effective consent, or in a situation where the medical acts, although practiced by a doctor 《澳門刑法典》規定，醫生或依法獲 許可之其他人若在未經病人同意的情 況下進行意圖預防、診斷、消除或減 輕疾病、痛苦、損傷、身體疲勞或精 神紊亂的手術或治療，將被處以最高 三年徒刑或科罰金（第144條和第150 條第1款4）。上述「病人同意」僅在 病人獲適當澄清手術或治療的性質、 所及範圍、大小與可能產生的後果方 面才有效；但如果病人知悉該等情況 後會有生命危險，或可能造成身體或 精神之健康受嚴重傷害者，不在此限5 （第151條）。所以「知情同意」由兩 部分組成：理解和自願同意。其中「理 解」包括提供訊息和理解訊息6。 如第150條所述，即使沒有對病人造成 傷害，醫生或依法獲許可之其他人仍須 承擔刑事責任。此處必須澄清，這裡受 保護的法益是人的尊嚴，而不是身體完 整性，這與第144條的規定相反。 上述提到的「醫生或依法獲許可之其他 人」，是指具有技術資格和獲法律許可 的人員，其中「技術資格」確保醫生或 其他依法獲許可的人士在進行醫療行為 前有充分準備（例如完成相關課程和實 踐）。至於「法律許可」的獲得，則需 要對從事醫療行為的資格進行認定（例 如在專業組織註冊）7。在澳門，澳門衛 生局是對個人從事醫療行為進行法律許 可的實體。鑑於不同國家和地區的醫學 課程有所差異，澳門衛生局的委員會負 責分析這些課程是否具備獲得法律許可 的資格，即該課程是否符合預先制定的 資格認定標準8。 另一方面，需要明確指出的是，第150 條的規定不適用於以下情況：在沒有獲 得病人的有效同意下，既非醫生亦非依 法獲許可人士從事醫療活動的情況；雖 然從事醫療活動的是醫生或依法獲許可 人士，但醫療活動並非出於治療目的的 情況。對於第一種情況，行為人可能觸 犯第322條中規定的有關職務之僭越的 罪行9，而第二種情況則被視為第144條 規定的傷害身體完整性罪。
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