enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR) in the United States and China, focusing on the targets, roles, consequences, and influence factors of criminal enforcement of IPR. Analysis reveals the unique justifications, roles, and unexpected consequences of the protection of IPR transplanted to China at the criminal enforcement stage. Above all, macro-level cultural, economic, political, and legal factors result in a general lack of IPR consciousness as natural and inalienable private property rights among Chinese. Specifics of criminal enforcement in the United States and China have been influenced by several mid-level and situational factors. In particular, substantial similarities across the foci of criminal enforcement in the two countries indicate that economic conditions are determinant forces in criminal enforcement. Political factors also influence the targets of criminal enforcement of IPR in China. These factors include state interference to protect tax interests in tobacco and alcohol industries; public policies to fight against counterfeits that pose health and safety threats; and other political goals, such as control of the media and importation restrictions on publications. After considering various public policy, social justice, and current development points, Dr. Liu concludes that the root solutions for China are to develop IP-related industries, cultivate the IPR consciousness of citizens and companies, to establish respect for rights and rules in general, to encourage the claiming and mobilisation of private rights by private entities, to allow citizen supervision of governmental activities, and to move from proactive administrative and criminal enforcement to more reactive civil enforcement. The recent research of Dr. Xu Jianhua focuses on the modern version of Rickshaw Boys (luotuo xiangzi) in China, known as "dakezai" , who drive motorcycles, bicycles, tricycles or electric bicycles as taxis in modern-day Guangzhou. Through extensive interviews with the police, rickshaw drivers as well as participant observation about police work and rickshaw drivers’ daily work over the past several years, Dr. Xu finds that rickshaw driving, as a moral economy, has particular meaning for migrant workers to make a living when they suffer from multidimensional social exclusion in urban China. Every year, Guangzhou police will confiscate over 250,000 rickshaws, which means around 250500 million yuan economic loss for poor migrant workers. Undoubtedly, 劉海燕博士對美國和 中國的知識產權刑法 實施進行了比較研 究，重點研究知識產 權刑事執法的對象、 作用、後果以及影響 因素。研究揭示了在 刑事執法階段對轉移 到中國的知識產權進 行保護的獨特理由、 作用以及意外後果。 劉博士發現，宏觀層 面的文化、經濟、政 治和法律因素導致中 國人普遍缺乏知識產 權意識，沒有認識到 知識產權是自然的、 不可剝奪的私有產權。兩國知識產權刑事執法的具 體情況受到幾個中級因素和情境因素的影響。兩國 刑事執法的重點存在大量相似之處，這就表明，在 刑事執法中，經濟狀況是決定因素。政治因素也影 響中國知識產權刑事執法的對象。這些因素包括國 家實施干預以保護煙酒行業的稅收利益、制訂相關 公共政策以打擊威脅人們健康和安全的假冒產品， 以及為了實現其他政治目的而開展的管控，例如對 媒體的控制以及對出版物的進口限制。在考慮各種 公共政策、社會正義以及當前發展要點後，劉博士 的結論是，中國的治本之策在於發展知識財產相關 產業、提高公民和企業的知識產權意識、創造尊重 權利和規定的文化、鼓勵私營機構索取和使用私有 權，允許公民監督政府活動，從主動式行政刑事執 法向被動式民事執法轉變。 徐建華博士最近的研究重點是中國的現代「駱駝祥 子」們，即如今在廣州駕駛摩托車、自行車、三輪車 或電動自行車載客的「搭客仔」。徐博士過去幾年在 廣州訪問了大量警察和搭客仔，也親身觀察了他們的 日常工作。通過這些訪問和親身觀察，徐博士發現， 三輪車載客業作為一種道德經濟，對在大城市遭受來 自社會各個層面排拒的中國民工來說，具有特別的謀 生意義。廣州警察每年沒收超過25萬輛三輪車，對 貧窮的民工來說，這意味著2.5億至5億元的經濟損 失，這無疑也造成民工和警察之間的關係異常緊張。 UMAGAZINE ISSUE 10 59 學院專欄．FACULTY COLUMN 允許公民監督政府活動，從主動式行政刑事執法向被 動式民事執法轉變。 Allow citizen supervision of governmental activities, and to move from proactive administrative and criminal enforcement to more reactive civil enforcement.
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